% \iffalse meta-comment
%
% This file is part of the babel-latin package. It provides the source code
% for the Latin language definition file. The original version of this file
% was written by Claudio Beccari and includes contributions by Krzysztof
% Konrad Żelechowski. It was modified and made compatible with the babel
% system by J.L. Braams.
%
% Copyright (C) 1989-2008 by Johannes L. Braams
% Copyright (C) 2009-2020 by Claudio Beccari
% Copyright (C) 2021-2025 by Keno Wehr
% All rights reserved.
%
% This file is part of the babel-latin package.
% ---------------------------------------------------
%
% It may be distributed and/or modified under the
% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3
% of this license or (at your option) any later version.
% The latest version of this license is in
%   https://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
% version 2003/12/01 or later.
%
% This work has the LPPL maintenance status "maintained".
%
% The Current Maintainer of this work is Keno Wehr.
%
% \fi
% \CheckSum{1084}
% \iffalse
%    Tell the LaTeX system who we are and write an entry on the transcript.
%<*driver>
\ProvidesFile{latin.dtx}
\documentclass{ltxdoc}
\usepackage[british]{babel}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{metalogo}
\usepackage[colorlinks=true,
  allcolors=black,
  bookmarksnumbered=true,
  pdfencoding=auto,
  pdftitle={The babel-latin package},
  pdfsubject={Manual of the babel-latin package},
  pdfkeywords={latex babel latin},
  pdfauthor={K. Wehr}]{hyperref}
\newcommand*\package[1]{\textsf{#1}}
\newcommand*\babel{\package{babel}}
\newcommand*\babellatin{\package{babel-latin}}
\newcommand*\lang[1]{\texttt{#1}}
\newcommand*\hyphpat[1]{\texttt{#1}}
\newcommand*\modifier[1]{\texttt{#1}}
\newcommand*\file[1]{\texttt{#1}}
\newcommand*\unicode[1]{\texttt{U+#1}}
\newenvironment{shorthands}{%
  \begin{list}{}{%
    \settowidth\labelwidth{MM}%
    \setlength\leftmargin{\labelwidth}%
    \addtolength\leftmargin{\labelsep}%
    \addtolength\leftmargin{1em}%
    \renewcommand*\makelabel[1]{##1\hfil}%
  }%
}{%
  \end{list}%
}
\setmainfont{Libertinus Serif}
\setmonofont{DejaVu Sans Mono}[Scale=MatchLowercase]
\setlogokern{La}{-0,25em}
\setlogokern{aT}{-0,07em}
\setlogokern{eL}{-0,05em}
\title{Babel support for the Latin language}
\author{Claudio Beccari\and Keno Wehr\thanks{Current maintainer. Please report
errors to \url{https://github.com/wehro/babel-latin/issues}.}}
\date{v.\,4.1\quad\today}
\begin{document}
\DocInput{latin.dtx}
\end{document}
%</driver>
% \fi
% \GetFileInfo{latin.dtx}
% \RecordChanges
%
% \changes{0.99}{1999/12/06}{First version, from italian.dtx (CB)}
% \changes{1.2}{2000/01/31}{Added suggestions from Krzysztof
%     Konrad \.Zelechowski (CB)}
% \changes{2.0a}{2000/10/15}{Revised by JB}
% \changes{4.0}{2021/06/27}{Complete revision by KW}
% \changes{4.0}{2021/06/27}{Make ecclesiastical Latin work with \XeLaTeX{} and
%     \LuaLaTeX}
%
%    \maketitle
%    \begin{abstract}
%      \noindent This manual documents the \babellatin{} package, which defines
%      all language-specific macros for the \babel{} languages \lang{latin},
%      \lang{classicallatin}, \lang{medievallatin}, and\linebreak
%      \lang{ecclesiasticallatin}.
%      These languages are usable with pdf\LaTeX, \XeLaTeX, and \LuaLaTeX. The
%      \lang{latin} language is even usable with plain \TeX{} (with some
%      restrictions).
%    \end{abstract}
%    \begin{center}
%      \fbox{\parbox{8,4cm}{See section \ref{legacymodifiers} on how to update
%      from outdated modifiers and the \package{ecclesiastic} package.}}
%    \end{center}
%    \tableofcontents
%    \section{Language variants}
% \changes{4.0}{2021/06/27}{New \babel{} languages \lang{classiclatin},
%     \lang{medievallatin}, and \lang{ecclesiasticlatin}, replacing the
%     respective modifiers}
% \changes{4.1}{2025/04/29}{Renaming \lang{classiclatin} and
%     \lang{ecclesiasticlatin} to \lang{classicallatin} and
%     \lang{ecclesiasticallatin} for the sake of philological correctness, but
%     also keeping \file{ldf} files with the old names for backwards
%     compatibility}
%    Latin has been the most important language of European intellectual life
%    for a long time. Throughout the centuries, many different styles of Latin
%    have been in use concerning wording, spelling, punctuation, and
%    hyphenation. The typographical conventions of an edition of a Latin
%    classic are quite different from those of a liturgical book, even if both
%    have been printed in the 20th century. And even the same Latin text may
%    look quite differently depending on the preferences of the editor and the
%    typographical customs of his country. Latin is supranational, but its
%    typography is not.
%
%    To fit all needs, the \babellatin{} package defines four different language
%    variants of Latin, i.\,e., four different \babel{} languages.
%    Table \ref{tab:latin-spelling} shows some differences between the language
%    variants.
%    \begin{table}
%      \centering
%      \begin{tabular}{llll}
%      \toprule
%      \lang{latin} & \lang{classicallatin} & \lang{medievallatin} &
%      \lang{ecclesiasticallatin} \\
%      \midrule
%      Novembris & Nouembris & Nouembris & Novembris \\
%      Praefatio & Praefatio & Præfatio & Præfatio \\
%      \addlinespace\multicolumn{4}{@{}l}{\cmd{\MakeUppercase\{Iulius\}}
%      yields:} \\
%      IULIUS & IVLIVS & IVLIVS & IULIUS \\
%      \bottomrule
%      \end{tabular}
%      \caption{\label{tab:latin-spelling}Spelling differences between the
%      Latin language variants}
%    \end{table}
%    It is no problem to use different variants of Latin within the same
%    document. If you need classical and modern Latin, just say
%    \begin{quote}
%      |\usepackage[classicallatin,latin]{babel}|
%    \end{quote}
%    and switch the language using the commands described in the \babel{}
%    manual.
%    \paragraph{The \lang{latin} language -- modern Latin}
%    This language variant is intended for the modern usage of Latin; with this
%    we mean the kind of Latin that is used as an official language in the
%    State of Vatican City and in the teaching of Latin in modern schools.
%    Typically, the following alphabet is used:
%    \begin{center}
%      \setlength\tabcolsep{2pt}
%      \begin{tabular}{*{24}c}
%        a&b&c&d&e&f&g&h&i&k&l&m&n&o&p&q&r&s&t&u&v&x&y&z\\
%        A&B&C&D&E&F&G&H&I&K&L&M&N&O&P&Q&R&S&T&U&V&X&Y&Z
%      \end{tabular}
%    \end{center}
%    \paragraph{The \lang{classicallatin} language -- classical Latin}
%    This language variant is intended for typesetting Latin texts more or less
%    according to the ancient usage of Latin. However, the use of lower-case
%    letters, which are not of ancient origin, is not excluded. The following
%    alphabet is used:
%    \begin{center}
%      \setlength\tabcolsep{2pt}
%      \begin{tabular}{*{23}c}
%        a&b&c&d&e&f&g&h&i&k&l&m&n&o&p&q&r&s&t&u&x&y&z\\
%        A&B&C&D&E&F&G&H&I&K&L&M&N&O&P&Q&R&S&T&V&X&Y&Z
%      \end{tabular}
%    \end{center}
%    Note that `V' corresponds to `u' in lower case. This habit came up in the
%    Middle Ages and is still in use in many text editions. It must be noted
%    that \babellatin{} does not make any spelling correction in order to use
%    only `u' in lower case and only `V' in upper case: if the input text is
%    wrongly typed in, it remains as such; this means it's the typesetter's
%    responsibility to correctly input the source text to be typeset; in spite
%    of this, when the transformation from lower to upper case is performed
%    (such as, for example, while typesetting headers with some document
%    classes) the correct capitalization is performed and `u' is capitalized to
%    `V'; the reverse takes place when transforming to lower case.
%    \paragraph{The \lang{medievallatin} language -- medieval/humanist Latin}
%    The spelling is similar to the classical one, but the ligatures \ae, \AE,
%    \oe, and \OE{} are used for the respective (former) diphthongs. Again, it
%    is the typesetter's responsibility to input the text to be typeset in a
%    correct way. The following alphabet is used:
%    \begin{center}
%      \setlength\tabcolsep{2pt}
%      \begin{tabular}{*{25}c}
%        a&\ae&b&c&d&e&f&g&h&i&k&l&m&n&o&\oe&p&q&r&s&t&u&x&y&z\\
%        A&\AE&B&C&D&E&F&G&H&I&K&L&M&N&O&\OE&P&Q&R&S&T&V&X&Y&Z
%      \end{tabular}
%    \end{center}
%    As far as the current maintainer can judge it, the consequent use of `\ae'
%    and `\oe' ligatures came up in 15th century manuscripts in Italy. So this
%    language variant rather reflects the Latin of the humanist/Renaissance
%    period than that of the Middle Ages. However, we stick to the
%    \emph{medieval} name chosen in earlier versions of \babellatin.
%    \paragraph{The \lang{ecclesiasticallatin} language -- ecclesiastical Latin}
%    Ecclesiastical Latin is a spelling variety of modern Latin, which is used
%    above all in liturgical books of the Roman Catholic Church, where the
%    ligatures \ae{} and \oe{} are widely used and where acute accents are used
%    in order to mark the tonic vowel of words with more than two syllables to
%    make sure the correct stress. The following alphabet is used:
%    \begin{center}
%      \setlength\tabcolsep{2pt}
%      \begin{tabular}{*{26}c}
%        a&\ae&b&c&d&e&f&g&h&i&k&l&m&n&o&\oe&p&q&r&s&t&u&v&x&y&z\\
%        A&\AE&B&C&D&E&F&G&H&I&K&L&M&N&O&\OE&P&Q&R&S&T&U&V&X&Y&Z
%      \end{tabular}
%    \end{center}
%    This language variant also contains a certain degree of ``Frenchization''
%    of spaces around some punctuation marks and guillemets: 1/12 of a quad is
%    inserted before `!', `?', `:', `;', `»', and `›' as well as after `«' and
%    `‹'. The spacing of guillemets does not work with pdf\TeX{} except when
%    using the shorthands |"<| and |">| (see section \ref{shorthands}).
%
%    \vspace{1.5\bigskipamount}
%    \noindent For what concerns \babel\ and typesetting with \TeX, the
%    differences between the language variants reveal themselves in the strings
%    used to name, for example, the ``Preface'', that becomes ``Praefatio'' or
%    ``Pr\ae fatio'', respectively. Hyphenation rules are also different, cf.
%    section \ref{hyphenation}.
%
%    The name strings for chapters, figures, tables, et cetera, have been
%    suggested by prof. Raffaella Tabacco, a latinist of the University of
%    Vercelli, Italy, to whom we address our warmest thanks. The names
%    suggested by Krzysztof Konrad \.Zelechowski, when different, are used as
%    the names for the medieval variety, since he made a word and spelling
%    choice more suited for this variety.
%
%    \section{Modifiers}
% \changes{4.0}{2021/06/27}{New modifiers \modifier{usej},
%     \modifier{lowercasemonth}, and \modifier{ecclesiasticfootnotes}}
%    The four language variants described above do not cover all variations of
%    Latin typography. Additionally there are several \emph{modifiers}:
%    \modifier{usej}, \modifier{lowercasemonth}, \modifier{withprosodicmarks},
%    and \modifier{ecclesiasticfootnotes}. The meaning of these modifiers is
%    explained below.
%
%    To apply a modifier you have to append it (prefixed with a dot) to the
%    language name when loading \babel:
%    \begin{quote}
%      |\usepackage[ecclesiasticallatin.lowercasemonth]{babel}|
%    \end{quote}
%    If you need two modifiers or more, just concatenate them in arbitrary
%    order:
%    \begin{quote}
%      |\usepackage[latin.usej.withprosodicmarks]{babel}|
%    \end{quote}
%
%    \subsection{The letter \emph{j}}
%    The letter \emph{j} is not of ancient origin. In early modern times, it
%    was used to distinguish the consonantic \emph{i} from the vocalic
%    \emph{i}. In liturgical books \emph{j} was in use until the 1960s.
%    Nowadays, the use of \emph{j} has disappeared from most Latin
%    publications. This is why \babellatin{} does not use \emph{j} in
%    predefined terms by default. Use the \modifier{usej} modifier if you
%    prefer \emph{Januarii} and \emph{Maji} to \emph{Ianuarii} and
%    \emph{Maii}.
%
%    \subsection{Case of month names}
%    Traditionally, Latin month names are capitalized: \emph{Ianuarii,
%    Februarii, Martii, \ldots} (We state the genitive forms here as this is
%    what we need for Latin dates.) So \babellatin{} capitalizes the month
%    names for all four language variants. However, in recent liturgical books
%    month names are written in lower case (as in Romance languages). Use the
%    \modifier{lowercasemonth} modifier if you prefer not to capitalize the
%    month names printed by the \cs{today} command: \emph{ianuarii, februarii,
%    martii, \ldots}
%
%    \subsection{Shorthands for prosodic marks\label{prosodic}}
% \changes{0.99}{1999/12/06}{Added shorthands for breve and macron}
% \changes{2.0b}{2000/12/13}{Modified breve and macro shorthands}
% \changes{2.0e}{2003/04/11}{Introduced the language attribute
%     `withprosodicmarks'; modified use of breve and macron shorthands
%      in order to avoid possible conflicts with other packages}
% \changes{4.0}{2021/06/27}{New shorthands for diphthongs with macron}
%    Textbooks, grammars, and dictionaries often use letters with prosodic
%    marks (macrons and breves) like ‘\=a’ and ‘\u{a}’ to mark long
%    and short vowels. On modern systems, the required characters can be input
%    directly thanks to Unicode. For backwards compatibility and as an perhaps
%    more comfortable alternative even today, \babellatin{} provides shorthands
%    for prosodic marks if you load the language with the
%    \modifier{withprosodicmarks} modifier.
%
%    Note that these shorthands may interfere with other packages. The active
%    |=| character used for macrons will cause problems with commands using
%    |key=value| interfaces, such as the command
%    |\includegraphics[scale=2]{...}|. Therefore, the shorthands are disabled
%    by default. You have to use dedicated commands to turn them on and off.
%    Use \cs{ProsodicMarksOn} to enable them an \cs{ProsodicMarksOff} to
%    disable them again. To get “G\u{a}ll\u{i}\u{a} \u{e}st \u{o}mn\u{i}s
%    d\=iv\=is\u{a} \u{i}n p\u{a}rt\=es tr\=es”, type:
%    \begin{quote}
%      \cs{ProsodicMarksOn}\\
%      |G^all^i^a ^est ^omn^is d=iv=is^a ^in p^art=es tr=es|\\
%      \cs{ProsodicMarksOff}
%    \end{quote}
%
%    The following shorthands are available:
%    \begin{shorthands}
%      \item[|=a|] for \=a (a with macron), also available for \=e, \=i, \=o,
%        \=u, and \=y
%      \item[|=A|] for \=A (A with macron), also available for \=E, \=I, \=O,
%        \=U, \=V, and \=Y. Note that a macron above the letter V is only
%        displayed if your font supports the Unicode character \unicode{0304}
%        (\emph{combining macron}).
%      \item[|=ae|] for a͞e (ae diphthong with macron, for \lang{latin} and
%        \lang{classicallatin}) or \={\ae} (ae ligature with macron, for
%        \lang{medievallatin} and \lang{ecclesiasticallatin}), respectively;
%        also available for a͞u, e͞u, and o͞e/\=\oe. Note that macrons above
%        diphthongs are only displayed if your font supports the Unicode
%        character \unicode{035E} (\emph{combining double macron}), which
%        always requires \XeLaTeX{} or \LuaLaTeX.\footnote{A good choice for a
%        font supporting the combining double macron might be \emph{Libertinus
%        Serif}, the font of this manual.}
%      \item[|=Ae|] for A͞e (Ae diphthong with macron, for \lang{latin} and
%        \lang{classicallatin}) or \={\AE} (AE ligature with macron, for
%        \lang{medievallatin} and \lang{ecclesiasticallatin}), respectively;
%        also available for A͞u, E͞u, and O͞e/\=\OE.
%      \item[|=AE|] for A͞E (AE diphthong with macron, for \lang{latin} and
%        \lang{classicallatin}) or \={\AE} (AE ligature with macron, for
%        \lang{medievallatin} and \lang{ecclesiasticallatin}), respectively;
%        also available for A͞U, E͞U, and O͞E/\=\OE.
%      \item[|\textasciicircum a|] for ă (a with breve), also available for
%        ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, ŭ, and y̆. Note that a breve above the letter y is only
%        displayed if your font supports the Unicode character \unicode{0306}
%        (\emph{combining breve}).
%      \item[|\textasciicircum A|] Ă (A with breve), also available for Ĕ, Ĭ,
%        Ŏ, Ŭ, V̆, and Y̆. Note that breves above the letters V and Y are only
%        displayed if your font supports the Unicode character \unicode{0306}
%        (\emph{combining breve}).
%    \end{shorthands}
%    Note the incompatibilities described in section \ref{incompatibilities}.
%
%    \subsection{Ecclesiastical footnotes}
%    The \package{ecclesiastic} package, an outdated extension of former
%    versions of \babellatin, typeset footnotes with ordinary instead of
%    superior numbers and without indentation.
%
%    As many ecclesiastical documents and liturgical books use footnotes that
%    are very similar to the ordinary \LaTeX{} ones, we do not use this
%    footnote style as default even for the \lang{ecclesiasticallatin} language
%    variant. But you may use the \modifier{ecclesiasticfootnotes} modifier
%    (with any variant of Latin) if you prefer that footnote style.
%
%    Note that this modifier affects the entire document. It can only be
%    applied to the document's main language.
%
%    \subsection{Legacy modifiers and language options\label{legacymodifiers}}
% \changes{2.0b}{2000/12/13}{Language attribute medieval declared}
% \changes{3.0}{2014/06/01}{Added modifier for classical spelling
%     and hyphenation}
% \changes{3.5}{2015/08/17}{Added the modifier for the ecclesiastic
%     Latin variety}
% \changes{4.0}{2021/06/27}{Deprecate the \modifier{classic},
%     \modifier{medieval}, and \modifier{ecclesiastic} modifiers}
%    \babellatin{} defined only one single \babel{} language up to v.\,3.5.
%    Language variants used to be accessible via modifiers. This approach has
%    proved to be disadvantageous concerning compatibility with other
%    language-specific packages like \package{biblatex}. That's why v.\,4.0
%    introduced the \lang{classiclatin}, \lang{medievallatin}, and
%    \lang{ecclesiasticlatin} languages. \lang{classiclatin} and
%    \lang{ecclesiasticlatin} have been renamed to \lang{classicallatin} and
%    \lang{ecclesiasticallatin} in v.\,4.1 for the sake of philological
%    correctness.
%
%    The legacy modifiers \modifier{classic}, \modifier{medieval}, and
%    \modifier{ecclesiastic} as well as the language options
%    \lang{classiclatin} and \lang{ecclesiasticlatin} are still available and
%    backwards compatibility is made sure. However, a warning is issued if you
%    use one of these modifiers or language options.
%    They may be dropped from \babellatin{} in a future version.
%
%    For maximum compatibility, replace
%    \begin{itemize}
%      \item |\usepackage[classiclatin]{babel}| by
%        |\usepackage[classicallatin]{babel}|,
%      \item |\usepackage[ecclesiasticlatin]{babel}| by
%        |\usepackage[ecclesiasticallatin]{babel}|,
%      \item |\usepackage[latin.classic]{babel}| by
%        |\usepackage[classicallatin]{babel}|,
%      \item |\usepackage[latin.medieval]{babel}| by
%        |\usepackage[medievallatin]{babel}|,
%      \item |\usepackage[latin.ecclesiastic]{babel}| by\\
%        |\usepackage[ecclesiasticallatin.ecclesiasticfootnotes,activeacute]{babel}|.
%    \end{itemize}
%
%    The last replacement is also recommended if you have been loading the
%    \package{ecclesiastic} package so far. This package is no longer necessary
%    as its functionality is provided by \babellatin{} now.
%
%    \section{Hyphenation\label{hyphenation}}
% \changes{4.0}{2021/06/27}{Document activation of the
%     \hyphpat{liturgicallatin} hyphenation patterns}
%    There are three different sets of hyphenation patterns for Latin,
%    reflecting three different styles of hyphenation: \emph{classical},
%    \emph{modern}, and \emph{liturgical}. Separate documention for these
%    hyphenation styles is available on the
%    Internet.\footnote{\url{https://github.com/gregorio-project/hyphen-la/blob/master/doc/README.md\#hyphenation-styles}}
%    Each of the four Latin language variants has its default hyphenation style
%    as indicated by table \ref{tab:latin-hyphenation}. Use the
%    \cs{babelprovide} command with the |hyphenrules| option if the default
%    style does not fit your needs.
%    \begin{table}
%      \centering
%      \begin{tabular}{lll}
%      \toprule
%      \emph{Language variant} & \emph{Hyphenation style} &
%      \emph{Name of patterns} \\
%      \midrule
%      \lang{latin} & modern & \hyphpat{latin} \\
%      \lang{classicallatin} & classical & \hyphpat{classiclatin} \\
%      \lang{medievallatin} & modern & \hyphpat{latin} \\
%      \lang{ecclesiasticallatin} & modern & \hyphpat{latin} \\
%      -- & liturgical & \hyphpat{liturgicallatin} \\
%      \bottomrule
%      \end{tabular}
%      \caption{\label{tab:latin-hyphenation}Latin hyphenation styles}
%    \end{table}
%
%    To typeset a liturgical book in the recent “Solesmes style” say
%    \begin{quote}
%      |\usepackage[ecclesiasticallatin.lowercasemonth]{babel}| \\
%      |\babelprovide[hyphenrules=liturgicallatin]{ecclesiasticallatin}|
%    \end{quote}
%    The typical commands for a Latin text edition in the German-speaking
%    world will be
%    \begin{quote}
%      |\usepackage[latin]{babel}| \\
%      |\babelprovide[hyphenrules=classiclatin]{latin}|
%    \end{quote}
%    Note that the liturgical hyphenation patterns are the default of none of
%    the language variants. To use them, you have to load them explicitly in
%    any case.
%
%    \section{Shorthands\label{shorthands}}
% \changes{0.99}{1999/12/06}{Added shorthands for etymological hyphenation}
% \changes{2.0b}{2000/12/13}{Simplified shorthands for
%     etymological hyphenation}
% \changes{4.0}{2021/06/27}{Additional shorthands for guillemets and accented
%     letters for all language variants; additional shorthands for ligatures
%     for medieval and ecclesiastical Latin}
%    The following shorthands are available for all variants of Latin. Note
%    that shorthands beginning with |'| are only available if you load \babel{}
%    with the \modifier{activeacute} option.
%    \begin{shorthands}
%      \item[|"<|] for « (left guillemet)
%      \item[|">|] for » (right guillemet)
%      \item[|"|] If no other shorthand applies, |"| before any letter
%        character defines an optional break point allowing further break
%        points within the same word (as opposed to the |\-| command).
%      \item[\texttt{"\string|}] the same as |"|, but also possible before
%        non-letter characters
%      \item[|'a|] for á (a with acute), also available for é, í, ó, ú, ý, ǽ,
%        and \'œ
%      \item[|'A|] for Á (A with acute), also available for É, Í, Ó, Ú, \'V, Ý,
%        Ǽ, and \'Œ
%    \end{shorthands}
%    The following shorthands are only available for the \lang{medievallatin}
%    and the \lang{ecclesiasticallatin} languages. Again, the shorthands
%    beginning with |'| only work with \babel's \modifier{activeacute} option.
%    \begin{shorthands}
%      \item[|"ae|] for æ (ae ligature), also available for œ
%      \item[|"Ae|] for Æ (AE ligature), also available for Œ
%      \item[|"AE|] for Æ (AE ligature), also available for Œ
%      \item[|'ae|] for ǽ (ae ligature with acute), also available for \'œ
%      \item[|'Ae|] for Ǽ (AE ligature with acute), also available for \'Œ
%      \item[|'AE|] for Ǽ (AE ligature with acute), also available for \'Œ
%    \end{shorthands}
%    Furthermore, there are shorthands for prosodic marks; see section
%    \ref{prosodic}.
%    Note the incompatibilities described in section \ref{incompatibilities}.
%
%    \section{Incompatibilities with other packages\label{incompatibilities}}
% \changes{4.0}{2021/06/27}{Document incompatibilities with other packages}
%    \subsection{\package{unicode-math}}
%    Loading the Latin language together with the \modifier{activeacute}
%    \babel{} option may cause error messages if the \package{unicode-math}
%    package is loaded. Do not use \modifier{activeacute} if you need
%    \package{unicode-math}, even if Latin is only a secondary language of your
%    document.\footnote{See
%    \url{https://github.com/wspr/unicode-math/issues/462} and
%    \url{https://github.com/reutenauer/polyglossia/issues/394} for related
%    discussions.}
%
%    \subsection{\LuaTeX}
%    The |"| character is made active by \babellatin; its use within the
%    \cs{directlua} command will lead to problems (except in the preamble).
%    Switch the shorthand off for such commands:
%    \begin{quote}
%      |\shorthandoff{"}|\\
%      |\directlua{tex.print("Salve")}|\\
%      |\shorthandon{"}|
%    \end{quote}
%    You may avoid the shorthand switching by using single instead of double
%    quotes. However, note that this will not work if the
%    \modifier{activeacute} option is used, as |'| is active in this case as
%    well.
%
%    Furthermore, beware of using \cs{directlua} commands containing the |=|
%    character between \cs{ProsodicMarksOn} and \cs{ProsodicMarksOff} if you
%    load the Latin language with the \modifier{withprosodicmarks} modifier.
%
%    \subsection{\package{babel-turkish}}
%    Both Turkish and Latin (when loaded with the \modifier{withprosodicmarks}
%    modifier) make the |=| character active. However, \babellatin{} takes care
%    the active behaviour of this character is only enabled between
%    \cs{ProsodicMarksOn} and \cs{ProsodicMarksOff} to avoid conflicts with
%    packages using |key=value| interfaces.
%
%    If you need Latin with prosodic shorthands and Turkish with active |=|
%    character in one document, you have to say |\shorthandon{=}| before the
%    first occurence of |=| in each Turkish text part.
%
%    \subsection{\package{babel-esperanto}, \package{babel-kurmanji}, and
%    \package{babel-slovak}}
%    Esperanto, Kurmanji, Slovak, and Latin (when loaded with the
%    \modifier{withprosodicmarks} modifier) make the |^| character active.
%    However, \babellatin{} takes care the active behaviour of this character
%    is only enabled between \cs{ProsodicMarksOn} and \cs{ProsodicMarksOff} to
%    avoid conflicts with \TeX's |^^xx| convention.
%
%    If you need Latin with prosodic shorthands and Esperanto/Kurmanji/Slovak
%    with active |^| character in one document, you have to say
%    |\shorthandon{^}| before the first occurence of |^| in each
%    Esperanto/Kurmanji/Slovak text part.
%
%    \section{Plain \TeX}
% \changes{4.0}{2021/06/27}{Basic support for plain \TeX}
%    According to the \babel{} manual, the recommended way to load the Latin
%    language in plain \TeX{} is:
%    \begin{quote}
%      |\input latin.sty|\\
%      |\begindocument|
%    \end{quote}
%    The modifiers \modifier{usej} and \modifier{lowercasemonth} may be
%    accessed by means of the \cs{languageattribute} command:
%    \begin{quote}
%      |\input latin.sty|\\
%      |\languageattribute{latin}{usej,lowercasemonth}|\\
%      |\begindocument|
%    \end{quote}
%
%    \babel{} does not provide |sty| files for \lang{classicallatin},
%    \lang{medievallatin}, and \lang{ecclesiasticallatin}. It should be
%    possible to create them locally if needed.
%
%    Note that no Latin shorthands are available in plain \TeX.
% \StopEventually{}
% \iffalse
%<*latin>
% \fi
%    \section{The code}
% \changes{4.0}{2021/06/27}{Keep the default values of \cs{clubpenalty},
%     \cs{@clubpenalty}, \cs{widowpenalty}, and \cs{finalhyphendemerits}
%     for Latin}
% \changes{4.0}{2021/06/27}{Remove commands \cs{LatinMarksOn} and
%     \cs{LatinMarksOff}}
%    We identify the language definition file.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\ProvidesLanguage{latin}[2025-04-29 v4.1 Latin support from the babel system]
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The macro |\LdfInit| takes care of preventing that this file is
%    loaded more than once with the same option, checking the category
%    code of the \texttt{@} sign, etc.
%    \cs{CurrentOption} is the language requested by the user, i.\,e.,
%    \lang{latin}, \lang{classicallatin}, \lang{medievallatin}, or
%    \lang{ecclesiasticallatin}.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\LdfInit\CurrentOption{captions\CurrentOption}
%    \end{macrocode}
%    For tests, we need variables containing several possible values of the
%    language name (including \lang{classiclatin} and \lang{ecclesiasticlatin},
%    which are outdated, but still supported).
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\babellatin@classical{classicallatin}
\def\babellatin@classic{classiclatin}
\def\babellatin@medieval{medievallatin}
\def\babellatin@ecclesiastical{ecclesiasticallatin}
\def\babellatin@ecclesiastic{ecclesiasticlatin}
%    \end{macrocode}
%    \subsection{Hyphenation patterns}
%    The Latin hyphenation patterns can be used with |\lefthyphenmin|
%    and |\righthyphenmin| set to~2.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\providehyphenmins{\CurrentOption}{\tw@\tw@}
%    \end{macrocode}
%    We define macros for testing if the required hyphenation patterns are
%    available.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\babellatin@test@modern@patterns{%
  \ifx\l@latin\undefined
    \@nopatterns{latin}%
    \adddialect\l@latin0
  \fi}%
\def\babellatin@test@classical@patterns{%
  \ifx\l@classiclatin\undefined
    \PackageWarningNoLine{babel-latin}{%
      No hyphenation patterns were found for the\MessageBreak
      classicallatin language. Now I will use the\MessageBreak
      patterns for modern Latin instead}%
    \babellatin@test@modern@patterns
    \adddialect\l@classiclatin\l@latin
  \fi}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    We use the \lang{classiclatin} hyphenation patterns for classical Latin
%    and the (modern) \lang{latin} hyphenation patterns for all other varieties
%    of Latin.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\ifx\CurrentOption\babellatin@classical
  \babellatin@test@classical@patterns
  \adddialect\l@classicallatin\l@classiclatin
\else
  \ifx\CurrentOption\babellatin@classic
    \babellatin@test@classical@patterns
  \else
    \ifx\CurrentOption\babellatin@ecclesiastical
      \babellatin@test@modern@patterns
      \adddialect\l@ecclesiasticallatin\l@latin
    \else
      \ifx\CurrentOption\babellatin@ecclesiastic
        \babellatin@test@modern@patterns
        \adddialect\l@ecclesiasticlatin\l@latin
      \else
        \ifx\CurrentOption\babellatin@medieval
          \babellatin@test@modern@patterns
          \adddialect\l@medievallatin\l@latin
        \else
          \babellatin@test@modern@patterns
        \fi
      \fi
    \fi
  \fi
\fi
%    \end{macrocode}
%    \subsection{Latin captions}
%    We need a conditional governing the spelling of the captions. Medieval
%    and ecclesiastical Latin use the ligatures \ae{} and \oe, classical and
%    modern Latin do not.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\newif\ifbabellatin@useligatures
\addto\extrasmedievallatin{\babellatin@useligaturestrue}%
\addto\noextrasmedievallatin{\babellatin@useligaturesfalse}%
\addto\extrasecclesiasticallatin{\babellatin@useligaturestrue}%
\addto\noextrasecclesiasticallatin{\babellatin@useligaturesfalse}%
\addto\extrasecclesiasticlatin{\babellatin@useligaturestrue}%
\addto\noextrasecclesiasticlatin{\babellatin@useligaturesfalse}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    We define the Latin captions using the commands recommended by the
%    \babel{} manual.\footnote{Most of these names were kindly suggested by
%    Raffaella Tabacco.}
%    \begin{macrocode}
\StartBabelCommands*{\CurrentOption}{captions}
  \SetString\prefacename{\ifbabellatin@useligatures Pr\ae fatio\else Praefatio\fi}
  \SetString\refname{Conspectus librorum}
  \SetString\abstractname{Summarium}
  \SetString\bibname{Conspectus librorum}
  \SetString\chaptername{Caput}
  \SetString\appendixname{Additamentum}
  \SetString\contentsname{Index}
  \SetString\listfigurename{Conspectus descriptionum}
  \SetString\listtablename{Conspectus tabularum}
  \SetString\indexname{Index rerum notabilium}
  \SetString\figurename{Descriptio}
  \SetString\tablename{Tabula}
  \SetString\partname{Pars}
  \SetString\enclname{Adduntur}%   Or "Additur"? Or simply Add.?
  \SetString\ccname{Exemplar}%     Use the recipient's dative
  \SetString\headtoname{\ignorespaces}% Use the recipient's dative
  \SetString\pagename{Charta}
  \SetString\seename{cfr.}
  \SetString\alsoname{cfr.}% Tabacco never saw "cfr" + "atque" or similar forms
  \SetString\proofname{Demonstratio}
  \SetString\glossaryname{Glossarium}
\EndBabelCommands
%    \end{macrocode}
%    In the above definitions there are some points that might change
%    in the future or that require a minimum of attention from the
%    typesetter.
%    \begin{enumerate}
%    \item The \cs{enclname} is translated by a passive verb, that
%      literally means ``(they) are being added''; if just one
%      enclosure is joined to the document, the plural passive is not
%      suited any more; nevertheless a generic plural passive might be
%      incorrect but suited for most circumstances. On the opposite
%      ``Additur'', the corresponding singular passive, might be more
%      correct with one enclosure and less suited in general: what
%      about the abbreviation ``Add.'' that works in both cases, but
%      certainly is less elegant?
%    \item The \cs{headtoname} is empty and gobbles the possible
%      following space; in practice the typesetter should use the
%      dative of the recipient's name; since nowadays not all such
%      names can be translated into Latin, they might result
%      indeclinable. The clever use of a dative appellative by the
%      typesetter such as ``Domino'' or ``Dominae'' might solve the
%      problem, but the header might get too impressive. The typesetter
%      must make a decision on his own.
%    \item The same holds true for the copy recipient's name in the
%      ``Cc'' field of \cs{ccname}.
%    \end{enumerate}
%    \subsection{Mapping between upper and lower case}
%    For classical and medieval Latin we need the suitable correspondence
%    between upper-case V and lower-case u since in that spelling there is
%    only one letter for the vowel and the consonant, and the u shape is an
%    (uncial) variant of the capital V.
%
%    We set the mapping only if the \LaTeX{} format is used because we need
%    commands for it that are not available in plain \TeX.
%    The following commands take care for the correct behaviour of the
%    \cs{MakeUppercase} and the \cs{MakeLowercase} command. They make sure that
%    |\MakeUppercase{Heluetia}| yields ``HELVETIA'' and that
%    |\MakeLowercase{LVDVS}| yields ``ludus''.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\babellatin@latex{LaTeX2e}%
\ifx\fmtname\babellatin@latex
  \DeclareUppercaseMapping[la-x-classic]{`u}{V}
  \DeclareLowercaseMapping[la-x-classic]{`V}{u}
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The mapping for medieval Latin is part of the \package{l3text} module,
%    which is part of the \LaTeX\ format (see \file{source3.pdf}).
%
%    For Unicode-based engines, we also have to take into account characters
%    with diacritics. We map ú, ū, and ŭ to V with the respective diacritic.
% \changes{4.1}{2025/04/29}{Mapping ú, ū, and ŭ to \'{V}, V^^^^0304, and \u{V},
%    respectively, instead of just V, for \lang{classicallatin} and
%    \lang{medievallatin} if a Unicode engine is used}
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \ExplSyntaxOn
  \sys_if_engine_opentype:T
    {
      \DeclareUppercaseMapping[la-x-classic]{`ú}{\a'{V}}
      \DeclareUppercaseMapping[la-x-classic]{`ū}{\a={V}}
      \DeclareUppercaseMapping[la-x-classic]{`ŭ}{\u{V}}
      \DeclareUppercaseMapping[la-x-medieval]{`ú}{\a'{V}}
      \DeclareUppercaseMapping[la-x-medieval]{`ū}{\a={V}}
      \DeclareUppercaseMapping[la-x-medieval]{`ŭ}{\u{V}}
    }
  \ExplSyntaxOff
\fi
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The following \cs{BabelLower} command takes care for the correct
%    hyphenation of words written in capital letters. It makes sure that
%    “LVDVS” is hyphenated the same way as “ludus”.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\StartBabelCommands*{classicallatin,classiclatin,medievallatin}{}
  \SetHyphenMap{\BabelLower{`V}{`u}}
\EndBabelCommands
%    \end{macrocode}
%    \subsection{The Latin date}
% \changes{2.0k}{2011/02/06}{Inserted the various `November' Latin
%     spellings to the proper `extras' macros}
% \changes{4.0}{2021/06/27}{Do not use small caps for the day of month}
%    We need three conditionals governing the spelling of the month names.
%    Ecclesiastical and modern Latin use the character v, classical and
%    medieval Latin use only u. This affects the month of November. The user
%    may demand to use the letter j where suitable or to lowercase month names
%    using the respective modifiers.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\newif\ifbabellatin@usev
\newif\ifbabellatin@usej
\newif\ifbabellatin@lowercasemonth
\babellatin@usevtrue
\addto\extrasclassicallatin{\babellatin@usevfalse}%
\addto\noextrasclassicallatin{\babellatin@usevtrue}%
\addto\extrasclassiclatin{\babellatin@usevfalse}%
\addto\noextrasclassiclatin{\babellatin@usevtrue}%
\addto\extrasmedievallatin{\babellatin@usevfalse}%
\addto\noextrasmedievallatin{\babellatin@usevtrue}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The Latin month names are needed in the genitive case.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\babellatin@monthname{%
  \ifcase\month\or\ifbabellatin@usej Januarii\else Ianuarii\fi
    \or Februarii%
    \or Martii%
    \or Aprilis%
    \or\ifbabellatin@usej Maji\else Maii\fi
    \or\ifbabellatin@usej Junii\else Iunii\fi
    \or\ifbabellatin@usej Julii\else Iulii\fi
    \or Augusti%
    \or Septembris%
    \or Octobris%
    \or\ifbabellatin@usev Novembris\else Nouembris\fi
    \or Decembris%
  \fi}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Depending on the chosen language, we have to define a \cs{latindate},
%    \cs{classicallatindate}, \cs{medievallatindate}, or
%    \cs{ecclesiasticallatindate} command. The date format is “XXXI Decembris
%    MMXXI”.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\expandafter\def\csname date\CurrentOption\endcsname{%
  \def\today{%
    \uppercase\expandafter{\romannumeral\day}~%
    \ifbabellatin@lowercasemonth
      \lowercase\expandafter{\babellatin@monthname}%
    \else
      \babellatin@monthname
    \fi
    \space
    \uppercase\expandafter{\romannumeral\year}%
  }%
}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    \subsection{Shorthands}
% \changes{4.1}{2025/04/29}{Improved shorthand implementation also working
%     within tabbing environments}
%    We define shorthands only if the \LaTeX{} format is used because we need
%    commands for them that are not available in plain \TeX.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\ifx\fmtname\babellatin@latex
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Every shorthand character needs an \cs{initiate@active@char} command,
%    which makes the respective character active, but expanding to itself as
%    long as no further definitions occur. The apostrophe (acute) is only made
%    active if \babel{} has been called with the \modifier{activeacute} option.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \initiate@active@char{"}%
  \@ifpackagewith{babel}{activeacute}{\initiate@active@char{'}}{}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The following command is defined by the \package{hyperref} package. We use
%    a dummy definition if this package is not loaded.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \providecommand\texorpdfstring[2]{#1}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    A peculiarity of the \babellatin{} package are shorthands of different
%    lengths. |"| before a letter character defines an additional hyphenation
%    point, but |"ae| is a shorthand for the ligature `æ' in medieval and
%    ecclesiastical Latin. So the shorthands definitions are rather complex and
%    we need expl3 syntax for them.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \ExplSyntaxOn
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The character |"| is used as a shorthand unconditionally. In math mode it
%    expands to itself. In text mode it is defined as a macro with one
%    parameter. This makes it possible to read the following token, on which
%    the actual meaning of the shorthand depends.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \declare@shorthand {latin} {"}
    {
      \mode_if_math:TF { \token_to_str:N " }
        {
          \texorpdfstring { \babellatin_apply_quotemark:N } { }
        }
    }
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The character |'| is used as a shorthand if the \modifier{activeacute}
%    option is used. So we have to use a macro for the declaration, which can
%    be called if necessary. In math mode the shorthand expands to
%    \cs{active@math@prime} as defined in \file{latex.ltx}. In text mode it is
%    a macro with one argument to read the following token.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \cs_set_protected:Npn \babellatin@declare@apostrophe@shorthands
    {
      \declare@shorthand {latin} {'}
        {
          \mode_if_math:TF { \active@math@prime }
            {
              \texorpdfstring { \babellatin_put_acute:N } { \' }
            }
        }
    }
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The characters |=| and |^| are only used as shorthands if the
%    \modifier{withprosodicmarks} modifier is used. So we have to use a macro
%    for the declaration, which can be called if necessary. In math mode both
%    shorthands expand to themselves. In text mode they are macros with one
%    argument to read the following token.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \cs_set_protected:Npn \babellatin@declare@prosodic@shorthands
    {
      \declare@shorthand {latin} {=}
        {
          \mode_if_math:TF { \token_to_str:N = }
            {
              \texorpdfstring { \babellatin_put_macron:N } { \= }
            }
        }
      \declare@shorthand {latin} {^}
        {
          \mode_if_math:TF { \token_to_str:N ^ } { \babellatin_put_breve:N }
        }
    }
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The following macro defines the behaviour of the active |"| character.
%    The shorthands |"AE|, |"Ae|, |"ae|, |"OE|, |"Oe|, and |"oe| are used for
%    ligatures if the current variety of Latin uses them. In other cases |"|
%    before any letter character or before |\AE|, |\ae|, |\OE|, and |\oe|
%    defines an additional hyphenation point. \verb:"|: defines an additional
%    hyphenation point as well. The shorthands |"<| and |">| are used for
%    guillemets. In other cases the active |"| character expands to itself and
%    the token read as argument is reinserted.
%
%    If the argument is a braced group (e.\,g.\@ if the user has typed
%    |"{ab}|), unexpected behaviour may occur as the conditionals
%    |\token_if_letter:NTF| and |\babellatin_if_ligature_command:NTF| expect a
%    single token as first argument. Therefore we need to check if the
%    argument is a single token using the |\tl_if_single_token:nTF| command
%    before using those conditionals.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \cs_set_protected:Npn \babellatin_apply_quotemark:N #1
    {
      \str_case:nnF {#1}
        {
          {A} { \babellatin_ligature_shorthand:Nnn E { \AE }
                  {
                    \babellatin_ligature_shorthand:Nnn e { \AE }
                      {
                        \babellatin_allowhyphens: A
                      }
                  }
              }
          {a} { \babellatin_ligature_shorthand:Nnn e { \ae }
                  {
                    \babellatin_allowhyphens: a
                  }
              }
          {O} { \babellatin_ligature_shorthand:Nnn E { \OE }
                  {
                    \babellatin_ligature_shorthand:Nnn e { \OE }
                      {
                        \babellatin_allowhyphens: O
                      }
                  }
              }
          {o} { \babellatin_ligature_shorthand:Nnn e { \oe }
                  {
                    \babellatin_allowhyphens: o
                  }
              }
          {|} { \babellatin_allowhyphens: }
          {<} { \babellatin@guillemetleft }
          {>} { \babellatin@guillemetright }
        }
        {
          \tl_if_single_token:nTF {#1}
            {
              \token_if_letter:NTF #1 { \babellatin_allowhyphens: }
                {
                  \babellatin_if_ligature_command:NTF #1 { \babellatin_allowhyphens: }
                    {
                      \token_to_str:N "
                    }
                }
            }
            {
              \token_to_str:N "
            }
            #1
        }
    }
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The following macro defines the behaviour of the active |'| character.
%    The shorthands |'AE|, |'Ae|, |'ae|, |'OE|, |'Oe|, and |'oe| are used for
%    accented ligatures if the current variety of Latin uses them. In other
%    cases |'| before any vowel or before |\AE|, |\ae|, |\OE|, and |\oe|
%    defines an accented character. The character V is treated as a vowel here
%    as it may represent the vowel U, but v is not, as it is never used for a
%    vowel. In other cases the active |'| character expands to itself and the
%    token read as argument is reinserted.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \cs_set_protected:Npn \babellatin_put_acute:N #1
    {
      \str_case:nnF {#1}
        {
          {A} { \babellatin_ligature_shorthand:Nnn E { \a'\AE }
                  {
                    \babellatin_ligature_shorthand:Nnn e { \a'\AE } { Á }
                  }
              }
          {a} { \babellatin_ligature_shorthand:Nnn e { \a'\ae } { á } }
          {E} { É }
          {e} { é }
          {I} { Í }
          {i} { í }
          {O} { \babellatin_ligature_shorthand:Nnn E { \a'\OE }
                  {
                    \babellatin_ligature_shorthand:Nnn e { \a'\OE } { Ó }
                  }
              }
          {o} { \babellatin_ligature_shorthand:Nnn e { \a'\oe } { ó } }
          {U} { Ú }
          {u} { ú }
          {V} { \a'V }
          {Y} { \a'Y }
          {y} { \a'y }
          {Æ} { \a'\AE }
          {æ} { \a'\ae }
          {Œ} { \a'\OE }
          {œ} { \a'\oe }
        }
        {
          \tl_if_single_token:nTF {#1}
            {
              \babellatin_if_ligature_command:NTF #1 { \a' }
                {
                  \token_to_str:N '
                }
            }
            {
              \token_to_str:N '
            }
          #1
        }
    }
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The following macro defines the behaviour of the active |=| character.
%    The shorthands |=AE|, |=Ae|, |=ae|, |=AU|, |=Au|, |=au|, |=EU|, |=Eu|,
%    |=eu|, |=OE|, |=Oe|, and |=oe| are used for diphthongs with a combining
%    double macron (\unicode{035E}) or ligatures with a macron if the current
%    variety of Latin uses them. In other cases |=| before any vowel puts a
%    macron above the vowel. The character V is treated as a vowel here as it
%    may represent the vowel U, but v is not, as it is never used for a vowel.
%    In other cases the active |=| character expands to itself and the token
%    read as argument is reinserted.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \cs_set_protected:Npn \babellatin_put_macron:N #1
    {
      \str_case:nnF {#1}
        {
          {A} { \babellatin_ligature_macron:NNnn AE { \a=\AE }
                  {
                    \babellatin_ligature_macron:NNnn Ae { \a=\AE }
                      {
                        \babellatin_diphthong_macron:NNn AU
                          {
                            \babellatin_diphthong_macron:NNn Au { \a=A }
                          }
                      }
                  }
              }
          {a} { \babellatin_ligature_macron:NNnn ae { \a=\ae }
                  {
                    \babellatin_diphthong_macron:NNn au { \a=a }
                  }
              }
          {E} { \babellatin_diphthong_macron:NNn EU
                  {
                    \babellatin_diphthong_macron:NNn Eu { \a=E }
                  }
              }
          {e} { \babellatin_diphthong_macron:NNn eu { \a=e } }
          {I} { \a=I }
          {i} { \a=\i }
          {O} { \babellatin_ligature_macron:NNnn OE { \a=\OE }
                  {
                    \babellatin_ligature_macron:NNnn Oe { \a=\OE } { \a=O }
                  }
              }
          {o} { \babellatin_ligature_macron:NNnn oe { \a=\oe } { \a=o } }
          {U} { \a=U }
          {u} { \a=u }
          {V} { \a=V }
          {Y} { \a=Y }
          {y} { \a=y }
        }
        {
          \tl_if_single_token:nTF {#1}
            {
              \babellatin_if_ligature_command:NTF #1 { \a= }
                {
                  \token_to_str:N =
                }
            }
            {
              \token_to_str:N =
            }
          #1
        }
    }
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The following macro defines the behaviour of the active |^| character.
%    |^| before any vowel puts a breve above the vowel. The character V is
%    treated as a vowel here as it may represent the vowel U, but v is not, as
%    it is never used for a vowel. In other cases the active |^| character
%    expands to itself and the token read as argument is reinserted.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \cs_set:Npn \babellatin_put_breve:N #1
    {
      \str_case:nnF {#1}
        {
          {A} { \u{A} }
          {a} { \u{a} }
          {E} { \u{E} }
          {e} { \u{e} }
          {I} { \u{I} }
          {i} { \u{\i} }
          {O} { \u{O} }
          {o} { \u{o} }
          {U} { \u{U} }
          {u} { \u{u} }
          {V} { \u{V} }
          {Y} { \u{Y} }
          {y} { \u{y} }
        }
        {
          \token_to_str:N ^
          #1
        }
    }
%    \end{macrocode}
%    We define a macro for an additional hyphenation point that does not
%    suppress other hyphenation points within the word. This macro is used by
%    the |"| and the \verb:"|: shorthand.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \cs_set:Npn \babellatin_allowhyphens:
    {
      \bbl@allowhyphens
      \discretionary {-} {} {}
      \bbl@allowhyphens
    }
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The conditional \cs{ifbabellatin@useligatures} cannot be used within a
%    expl3 context. So we have to define a macro testing if ligatures are
%    enabled outside the expl3 code part. The result is stored in the variable
%    \cs{babellatin@useligatures@bool}. We define this variable analogously to
%    expl3's |\c_true_bool| and |\c_false_bool|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \ExplSyntaxOff
  \def\babellatin@test@for@ligatures{%
    \ifbabellatin@useligatures
      \chardef\babellatin@useligatures@bool=1
    \else
      \chardef\babellatin@useligatures@bool=0
    \fi
  }%
  \ExplSyntaxOn
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The following macro is intended for defining a shorthand for a ligature
%    where useful. The first argument is the expected second character after
%    |"| (e.\,g.\@ |e| if |"a| has been read). The second argument is the true
%    code, that applies if this character is found (the ligature command). The
%    third argument is the false code (some other command).
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \cs_set_protected:Npn \babellatin_ligature_shorthand:Nnn #1#2#3
    {
      \babellatin@test@for@ligatures
      \bool_if:NTF \babellatin@useligatures@bool
        {
          \peek_meaning_remove:NTF #1 {#2} {#3}
        }
        {
          #3
        }
    }
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The following macro is intended for defining a shorthand for a diphthong
%    with a combining double macron (\unicode{035E}). The first argument is the
%    first character of the diphthong, which has already been read. The second
%    argument is the second character of the diphthong, which is expected to be
%    read. The third argument is the false code, that applies if the second
%    character is not found as expected.
%
%    For pdf\LaTeX{} a warning is issued if the diphthong is found as this
%    engine does not support the combining double macron.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \cs_set_protected:Npn \babellatin_diphthong_macron:NNn #1#2#3
    {
      \peek_meaning:NTF #2
        {
          #1
          \bool_lazy_or:nnTF { \sys_if_engine_xetex_p: } { \sys_if_engine_luatex_p: }
            {
              \iffontchar \font "35E \relax
                \char "35E \relax
              \else
                \msg_warning:nn {babel-latin} {no-double-macron-font}
              \fi
            }
            {
              \msg_warning:nn {babel-latin} {no-double-macron-engine}
            }
        }
        {
          #3
        }
    }
  \msg_set:nnn {babel-latin} {no-double-macron-font}
    {
      The~combining~double~macron~(U+035E)~is~not~available~in~the~current~
      font.~The~diphthong~is~typeset~without~macron~ \msg_line_context: .
    }
  \msg_set:nnn {babel-latin} {no-double-macron-engine}
    {
      The~combining~double~macron~(U+035E)~is~not~available~with~
      \c_sys_engine_str . ~ The~diphthong~is~typeset~without~macron~
      \msg_line_context: .
    }
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The following macro is intended for defining a shorthand for a ligature
%    with a macron where useful. The first argument is the first character of
%    the diphthong, which has already been read. The second argument is the
%    expected second character of the diphthong. The third argument is the code
%    for the ligature with the macron. The fourth argument is the false code
%    that applies if the second character is not found.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \cs_set_protected:Npn \babellatin_ligature_macron:NNnn #1#2#3#4
    {
      \babellatin_ligature_shorthand:Nnn #2 {#3}
        {
          \babellatin_diphthong_macron:NNn #1 #2 {#4}
        }
    }
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The following conditional tests if the argument is a ligature command
%    (\cs{AE}, \cs{ae}, \cs{OE}, or \cs{oe}).
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \prg_set_conditional:Npnn \babellatin_if_ligature_command:N #1 {TF}
    {
      \token_if_eq_meaning:NNTF #1 \AE { \prg_return_true: }
        {
          \token_if_eq_meaning:NNTF #1 \ae { \prg_return_true: }
            {
              \token_if_eq_meaning:NNTF #1 \OE { \prg_return_true: }
                {
                  \token_if_eq_meaning:NNTF #1 \oe { \prg_return_true: }
                    {
                      \prg_return_false:
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
  \ExplSyntaxOff
%    \end{macrocode}
%    For the |"<| and the |">| shorthands we have to define the meaning of the
%    macros used for their definition. The commands \cs{guillemetleft} and
%    \cs{guillemetright} are provided by \babel. We will have to change this
%    definition later on for \lang{ecclesiasticallatin} if pdf\TeX{} is used.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \let\babellatin@guillemetleft\guillemetleft
  \let\babellatin@guillemetright\guillemetright
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Finally, we have to add the shorthand definitions to the extras of the
%    current language.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \expandafter\addto\csname extras\CurrentOption\endcsname{%
    \bbl@activate{"}%
    \languageshorthands{latin}%
  }%
  \expandafter\addto\csname noextras\CurrentOption\endcsname{%
    \bbl@deactivate{"}%
  }%
  \@ifpackagewith{babel}{activeacute}{%
    \babellatin@declare@apostrophe@shorthands
    \expandafter\addto\csname extras\CurrentOption\endcsname{%
      \bbl@activate{'}%
    }%
    \expandafter\addto\csname noextras\CurrentOption\endcsname{%
      \bbl@deactivate{'}%
    }%
  }{}%
\fi
%    \end{macrocode}
%    \subsection{Ecclesiastical punctuation spacing}
%    We define some conditionals concerning the engine used.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\newif\ifbabellatin@luatex
\newif\ifbabellatin@xetex
\ifnum\bbl@engine=1
  \babellatin@luatextrue
\else
  \ifnum\bbl@engine=2
    \babellatin@xetextrue
  \fi
\fi
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The following command defines the preparations needed for punctuation
%    spacing in the preamble.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\babellatin@prepare@punctuation@spacing{%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    For \LuaTeX{} we load an additional file containing some Lua code. This
%    file is documented in section \ref{luamodule}.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \ifbabellatin@luatex
    \directlua{ecclesiasticallatin=require('ecclesiasticallatin')}%
  \else
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The following command inserts a kern of 1/12 of a quad. This is the only
%    amount of space used for punctuation within this package.
%    \begin{macrocode}
    \def\babellatin@insert@punctuation@space{%
      \kern0.08333\fontdimen6\font
    }%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The following command inserts the same kern, removing any positive amount
%    of space that precedes. This is needed if a closing guillemet is preceded
%    by a space character erroneously input by the user.
%    \begin{macrocode}
    \def\babellatin@replace@preceding@space{%
      \ifdim\lastskip>\z@\unskip\fi
      \babellatin@insert@punctuation@space
    }%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The following command inserts the same kern, removing any following space
%    character. This is needed if an opening guillemet is followed by a space
%    character erroneously input by the user.
%    \begin{macrocode}
    \def\babellatin@replace@following@space{%
      \babellatin@insert@punctuation@space
      \ignorespaces
    }%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    For \XeTeX{} the punctuation spacing will be defined based on five
%    different character classes: one for question and exclamation marks, one
%    for colons and semicolons, one for opening and closing guillemets,
%    respectiveley, and one for opening brackets. Concerning spacing, brackets
%    are treated the same way as letter characters in most cases. However, in
%    strings like “(?)” no spacing is desired before the question mark. So we
%    need a dedicated character class for opening brackets.
%    \begin{macrocode}
    \ifbabellatin@xetex
      \newXeTeXintercharclass\babellatin@qmark@class
      \newXeTeXintercharclass\babellatin@colon@class
      \newXeTeXintercharclass\babellatin@oguill@class
      \newXeTeXintercharclass\babellatin@cguill@class
      \newXeTeXintercharclass\babellatin@obracket@class
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Furthermore, we need a class representing the word boundary. This class
%    has a fixed number defined in \file{latex.ltx}.
%    \begin{macrocode}
      \let\babellatin@boundary@class\e@alloc@intercharclass@top
%    \end{macrocode}
%    A space is inserted between a question or exclamation mark and a closing
%    guillemet.
%    \begin{macrocode}
      \XeTeXinterchartoks\babellatin@qmark@class\babellatin@cguill@class={%
        \babellatin@insert@punctuation@space}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    A space is inserted between a question or exclamation mark and a colon or
%    semicolon.
%    \begin{macrocode}
      \XeTeXinterchartoks\babellatin@qmark@class\babellatin@colon@class={%
        \babellatin@insert@punctuation@space}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    A space is inserted between a colon or semicolon and a closing guillemet.
%    \begin{macrocode}
      \XeTeXinterchartoks\babellatin@colon@class\babellatin@cguill@class={%
        \babellatin@insert@punctuation@space}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    A space character after an opening guillemet is replaced by the correct
%    amount of space.
%    \begin{macrocode}
      \XeTeXinterchartoks\babellatin@oguill@class\babellatin@boundary@class={%
        \babellatin@replace@following@space}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    A space is inserted between two opening guillemets.
%    \begin{macrocode}
      \XeTeXinterchartoks\babellatin@oguill@class\babellatin@oguill@class={%
        \babellatin@insert@punctuation@space}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    A space is inserted between an opening guillemet and any ordinary
%    character.
%    \begin{macrocode}
      \XeTeXinterchartoks\babellatin@oguill@class\z@={%
        \babellatin@insert@punctuation@space}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    A space is inserted between two closing guillemets.
%    \begin{macrocode}
      \XeTeXinterchartoks\babellatin@cguill@class\babellatin@cguill@class={%
        \babellatin@insert@punctuation@space}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    A space is inserted between a closing guillemet and a question or
%    exclamation mark.
%    \begin{macrocode}
      \XeTeXinterchartoks\babellatin@cguill@class\babellatin@qmark@class={%
        \babellatin@insert@punctuation@space}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    A space is inserted between a closing guillemet and a colon or semicolon.
%    \begin{macrocode}
      \XeTeXinterchartoks\babellatin@cguill@class\babellatin@colon@class={%
        \babellatin@insert@punctuation@space}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    A space character before a question or exclamation mark is replaced by the
%    correct amount of space.
%    \begin{macrocode}
      \XeTeXinterchartoks\babellatin@boundary@class\babellatin@qmark@class={%
        \babellatin@replace@preceding@space}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    A space character before a colon or semicolon is replaced by the correct
%    amount of space.
%    \begin{macrocode}
      \XeTeXinterchartoks\babellatin@boundary@class\babellatin@colon@class={%
        \babellatin@replace@preceding@space}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    A space character before a closing guillemet is replaced by the correct
%    amount of space.
%    \begin{macrocode}
      \XeTeXinterchartoks\babellatin@boundary@class\babellatin@cguill@class={%
        \babellatin@replace@preceding@space}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    A space is inserted between any ordinary character and a question or
%    exclamation mark.
%    \begin{macrocode}
      \XeTeXinterchartoks\z@\babellatin@qmark@class={%
        \babellatin@insert@punctuation@space}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    A space is inserted between any ordinary character and a colon or
%    semicolon.
%    \begin{macrocode}
      \XeTeXinterchartoks\z@\babellatin@colon@class={%
        \babellatin@insert@punctuation@space}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    A space is inserted between any ordinary character and a closing
%    guillemet.
%    \begin{macrocode}
      \XeTeXinterchartoks\z@\babellatin@cguill@class={%
        \babellatin@insert@punctuation@space}%
    \else
%    \end{macrocode}
%    In pdf\TeX{} active characters are needed for punctuation spacing.
%    \begin{macrocode}
      \initiate@active@char{;}%
      \initiate@active@char{:}%
      \initiate@active@char{!}%
      \initiate@active@char{?}%
      \declare@shorthand{latin}{;}{%
        \ifhmode
          \babellatin@replace@preceding@space
          \string;%
        \else
          \string;%
        \fi
      }%
      \declare@shorthand{latin}{:}{%
        \ifhmode
          \babellatin@replace@preceding@space
          \string:%
        \else
          \string:%
        \fi
      }%
      \declare@shorthand{latin}{!}{%
        \ifhmode
          \babellatin@replace@preceding@space
          \string!%
        \else
          \string!%
        \fi
      }%
      \declare@shorthand{latin}{?}{%
        \ifhmode
          \babellatin@replace@preceding@space
          \string?%
        \else
          \string?%
        \fi
      }%
    \fi
  \fi
}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    We call the previously defined command for ecclesiastical Latin.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\ifx\CurrentOption\babellatin@ecclesiastical
  \babellatin@prepare@punctuation@spacing
\else
  \ifx\CurrentOption\babellatin@ecclesiastic
    \babellatin@prepare@punctuation@spacing
  \fi
\fi
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The following function actually enables the spacing of punctuation.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\babellatin@punctuation@spacing{%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    For \LuaTeX{} we just have to call a function of the Lua module.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \ifbabellatin@luatex
    \directlua{ecclesiasticallatin.activate_spacing()}%
  \else
%    \end{macrocode}
%    For \XeTeX{} we have to enable the character classes functionality and
%    assign the punctuation characters to the character classes.
%    \begin{macrocode}
    \ifbabellatin@xetex
      \XeTeXinterchartokenstate = 1
      \XeTeXcharclass `\! \babellatin@qmark@class
      \XeTeXcharclass `\? \babellatin@qmark@class
      \XeTeXcharclass `\‼ \babellatin@qmark@class
      \XeTeXcharclass `\⁇ \babellatin@qmark@class
      \XeTeXcharclass `\⁈ \babellatin@qmark@class
      \XeTeXcharclass `\⁉ \babellatin@qmark@class
      \XeTeXcharclass `\‽ \babellatin@qmark@class
      \XeTeXcharclass `\; \babellatin@colon@class
      \XeTeXcharclass `\: \babellatin@colon@class
      \XeTeXcharclass `\« \babellatin@oguill@class
      \XeTeXcharclass `\» \babellatin@cguill@class
      \XeTeXcharclass `\‹ \babellatin@oguill@class
      \XeTeXcharclass `\› \babellatin@cguill@class
      \XeTeXcharclass `\( \babellatin@obracket@class
      \XeTeXcharclass `\[ \babellatin@obracket@class
      \XeTeXcharclass `\{ \babellatin@obracket@class
      \XeTeXcharclass `\⟨ \babellatin@obracket@class
    \else
%    \end{macrocode}
%    For pdf\TeX{} we activate the shorthands.
%    \begin{macrocode}
      \bbl@activate{;}%
      \bbl@activate{:}%
      \bbl@activate{!}%
      \bbl@activate{?}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    We also redefine the guillemet commands.
%    \begin{macrocode}
      \def\babellatin@guillemetleft{%
        \guillemetleft
        \babellatin@replace@following@space
      }%
      \def\babellatin@guillemetright{%
        \babellatin@replace@preceding@space
        \guillemetright
      }%
    \fi
  \fi
}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The following function disables the spacing of punctuation.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\babellatin@no@punctuation@spacing{%
  \ifbabellatin@luatex
    \directlua{ecclesiasticallatin.deactivate_spacing()}%
  \else
    \ifbabellatin@xetex
      \XeTeXcharclass `\! \z@
      \XeTeXcharclass `\? \z@
      \XeTeXcharclass `\‼ \z@
      \XeTeXcharclass `\⁇ \z@
      \XeTeXcharclass `\⁈ \z@
      \XeTeXcharclass `\⁉ \z@
      \XeTeXcharclass `\‽ \z@
      \XeTeXcharclass `\; \z@
      \XeTeXcharclass `\: \z@
      \XeTeXcharclass `\« \z@
      \XeTeXcharclass `\» \z@
      \XeTeXcharclass `\‹ \z@
      \XeTeXcharclass `\› \z@
      \XeTeXcharclass `\( \z@
      \XeTeXcharclass `\[ \z@
      \XeTeXcharclass `\{ \z@
      \XeTeXcharclass `\⟨ \z@
      \XeTeXinterchartokenstate = 0
    \else
      \bbl@deactivate{;}%
      \bbl@deactivate{:}%
      \bbl@deactivate{!}%
      \bbl@deactivate{?}%
      \let\babellatin@guillemetleft\guillemetleft
      \let\babellatin@guillemetright\guillemetright
    \fi
  \fi
}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Punctuation is spaced in ecclesiastical Latin only.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\addto\extrasecclesiasticallatin{\babellatin@punctuation@spacing}%
\addto\noextrasecclesiasticallatin{\babellatin@no@punctuation@spacing}%
\addto\extrasecclesiasticlatin{\babellatin@punctuation@spacing}%
\addto\noextrasecclesiasticlatin{\babellatin@no@punctuation@spacing}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    \subsection{Modifiers}
%    We define some language options accessible via modifiers.
%    \subsubsection{Using the letter \emph{j}}
%    The \modifier{usej} option sets the conditional \cs{ifbabellatin@usej} to
%    true.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\bbl@declare@ttribute\CurrentOption{usej}{%
  \expandafter\addto\csname extras\CurrentOption\endcsname{%
    \babellatin@usejtrue}%
  \expandafter\addto\csname noextras\CurrentOption\endcsname{%
    \babellatin@usejfalse}%
}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    \subsubsection{Typesetting months in lower case}
%    The \modifier{lowercasemonth} option sets the conditional
%    \cs{ifbabellatin@lowercasemonth} to true.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\bbl@declare@ttribute\CurrentOption{lowercasemonth}{%
  \expandafter\addto\csname extras\CurrentOption\endcsname{%
    \babellatin@lowercasemonthtrue}%
  \expandafter\addto\csname noextras\CurrentOption\endcsname{%
    \babellatin@lowercasemonthfalse}%
}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    \subsubsection{Shorthands for prosodic marks}
%    The \modifier{withprosodicmarks} option makes it possible to use
%    shorthands like |=a| or |^a| for vowels with macrons and breves. We define
%    it for all four language variants of Latin, but only if the \LaTeX{}
%    format is used.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\ifx\fmtname\babellatin@latex
  \bbl@declare@ttribute\CurrentOption{withprosodicmarks}{%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Every shorthand character needs an \cs{initiate@active@char} command,
%    which makes the respective character active, but expanding to itself as
%    long as no further definitions occur. Both active characters needs to be
%    switched off at the beginning of the document to avoid problems with
%    commands using |key=value| interfaces (e.\,g.\@ \cs{includegraphics}) and
%    \TeX's |^^xx| convention.
%    \begin{macrocode}
    \initiate@active@char{=}%
    \initiate@active@char{^}%
    \AtBeginDocument{%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    We do not use |\shorthandoff{=}| and |\shorthandoff*{^}| in the following
%    lines because \package{babel-french} redefines the \cs{shorthandoff}
%    command for \XeLaTeX{} and \LuaLaTeX. Instead, we use \babel's internal
%    definition of this command.
%    \begin{macrocode}
      \bbl@shorthandoff\z@{=}%
      \bbl@shorthandoff\tw@{^}%
    }%
    \babellatin@declare@prosodic@shorthands
    \expandafter\addto\csname extras\CurrentOption\endcsname{%
      \bbl@activate{=}%
      \bbl@activate{^}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The active |=| and |^| are normally turned off to avoid problems with
%    commands using |key=value| interfaces and \TeX's |^^xx| convention. We
%    define the commands \cs{ProsodicMarksOn} and \cs{ProsodicMarksOff} for
%    turning them on and off within the document. We use the starred form of
%    \cs{shorthandoff} when turning off |^| to keep it working within math
%    formulas.
%    \begin{macrocode}
      \def\ProsodicMarksOn{%
        \shorthandon{=}%
        \shorthandon{^}%
      }%
      \def\ProsodicMarksOff{%
        \shorthandoff{=}%
        \shorthandoff*{^}%
      }%
    }%
    \expandafter\addto\csname noextras\CurrentOption\endcsname{%
      \bbl@deactivate{=}%
      \bbl@deactivate{^}%
    }%
  }%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The \cs{ProsodicMarksOn} and \cs{ProsodicMarksOff} commands are useless
%    without the \modifier{withprosodicmarks} modifier. They only issue
%    warnings in this case.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \expandafter\addto\csname extras\CurrentOption\endcsname{%
    \def\ProsodicMarksOn{%
      \PackageWarning{babel-latin}{%
        The \protect\ProsodicMarksOn\space command is only\MessageBreak
        available using the withprosodicmarks\MessageBreak
        modifier}%
    }%
    \def\ProsodicMarksOff{%
      \PackageWarning{babel-latin}{%
        The \protect\ProsodicMarksOff\space command is only\MessageBreak
        available using the withprosodicmarks\MessageBreak
        modifier}%
    }%
  }%
\fi
%    \end{macrocode}
%    \subsubsection{Ecclesiastical footnotes}
%    The \modifier{ecclesiasticfootnotes} option sets the footnotes globally to
%    the style defined by the (now outdated) \package{ecclesiastic} package.
%    The definition takes place at the end of the package to be able to check
%    \babel's main language. However, the \cs{CurrentOption} has lost its value
%    at this moment, so we have to store it.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\bbl@declare@ttribute\CurrentOption{ecclesiasticfootnotes}{%
  \let\babellatin@footnote@lang\CurrentOption
  \AtEndOfPackage{%
    \ifx\bbl@main@language\babellatin@footnote@lang
      \let\@makefntext\babellatin@variant@footnote
    \else
      \PackageWarningNoLine{babel-latin}{%
        \babellatin@footnote@lang\space is not the main language.\MessageBreak
        The `ecclesiasticfootnotes' modifier\MessageBreak
        is ineffective}%
    \fi
  }%
}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    This is the footnote style as defined by the \package{ecclesiastic}
%    package.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\babellatin@variant@footnote#1{%
  \parindent 1em%
  \noindent
  \hbox{\normalfont\@thefnmark.}%
  \enspace #1%
}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    \subsection{Legacy modifiers and commands}
% \changes{4.0}{2021/06/27}{Do not load the \package{ecclesiastic} package for
%     the \modifier{ecclesiastic} modifier, use an internal implementation
%     instead}
%    We keep the modifiers \modifier{classic}, \modifier{medieval}, and
%    \modifier{ecclesiastic} for backwards compatibility. We issue a warning if
%    they are used.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\babellatin@outdated@modifier#1#2{%
  \PackageWarningNoLine{babel-latin}{%
    The `#1' modifier is outdated. Please\MessageBreak
    consult the babel-latin manual and consider\MessageBreak
    to load the language `#2'\MessageBreak
    instead of `latin.#1'}%
}%
\def\babellatin@outdated@language#1#2{%
  \PackageWarningNoLine{babel-latin}{%
    The `#1' language is outdated.\MessageBreak
    Please load the language `#2'\MessageBreak
    instead}%
}%
\bbl@declare@ttribute{latin}{classic}{%
  \babellatin@outdated@modifier{classic}{classicallatin}%
  \addto\extraslatin{\babellatin@usevfalse}%
  \addto\noextraslatin{\babellatin@usevtrue}%
  \babellatin@test@classical@patterns
  \let\l@latin\l@classiclatin
  \DeclareUppercaseMapping[la]{`u}{V}%
  \DeclareLowercaseMapping[la]{`V}{u}%
}%
\bbl@declare@ttribute{latin}{medieval}{%
  \babellatin@outdated@modifier{medieval}{medievallatin}%
  \addto\extraslatin{%
    \babellatin@usevfalse
    \def\prefacename{Pr\ae fatio}%
  }%
  \addto\noextraslatin{%
    \babellatin@usevtrue
  }%
  \DeclareUppercaseMapping[la]{`u}{V}%
  \DeclareLowercaseMapping[la]{`V}{u}%
}%
\bbl@declare@ttribute{latin}{ecclesiastic}{%
  \babellatin@outdated@modifier{ecclesiastic}{ecclesiasticallatin}%
  \babellatin@prepare@punctuation@spacing
  \babellatin@ecclesiastic@outdated@commands
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The apostrophe character becomes active, even without \babel's
%    \modifier{activeacute} option.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \initiate@active@char{'}%
  \babellatin@declare@apostrophe@shorthands
  \addto\extraslatin{%
    \bbl@activate{'}%
    \babellatin@punctuation@spacing
    \babellatin@useligaturestrue
  }%
  \addto\noextraslatin{%
    \bbl@deactivate{'}%
    \babellatin@no@punctuation@spacing
    \babellatin@useligaturesfalse
  }%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    We set up the footnotes like the \package{ecclesiastic} package did.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \addto\extraslatin{%
    \babel@save\@makefntext
    \let\@makefntext\babellatin@variant@footnote
  }%
}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    In earlier versions of \babellatin{} (up to v.\,3.5) a
%    \cs{SetLatinLigatures} command and a \cs{ProsodicMarks} command have been
%    defined. We retain them for backwards compatiblity, but they do nothing
%    except issuing a warning.
% \changes{4.0}{2021/06/27}{Declare \cs{SetLatinLigatures} and
%     \cs{ProsodicMarks} obsolete}
%    \begin{macrocode}
\providecommand\SetLatinLigatures{%
  \PackageWarning{babel-latin}{%
    The \protect\SetLatinLigatures\space command is obsolete.\MessageBreak
    Please remove it}}%
\providecommand\ProsodicMarks{%
  \PackageWarning{babel-latin}{%
    The \protect\ProsodicMarks\space command is obsolete.\MessageBreak
    Please remove it}}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    We retain some legacy commands concerning guillemets from the
%    \package{ecclesiastic} package, which is now outdated, but we deprecate
%    them.
% \changes{4.0}{2021/06/27}{Declare \cs{FrenchGuillemetsFrom},
%     \cs{ToneGuillemets}, \cs{og}, and \cs{fg} (defined by the
%     \package{ecclesiastic} package) obsolete}%
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\babellatin@ecclesiastic@outdated@commands{%
  \providecommand*\FrenchGuillemetsFrom[4]{%
    \PackageWarning{babel-latin}{%
      The \protect\FrenchGuillemetsFrom\space command is obsolete.\MessageBreak
      Please remove it and use \protect\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}\MessageBreak
      if compiling with pdfLaTeX}}%
  \let\FrenchGuillemotsFrom\FrenchGuillemetsFrom
  \providecommand\ToneGuillemets{%
    \PackageWarning{babel-latin}{%
      The \protect\ToneGuillemets\space command is obsolete.\MessageBreak
      Please remove it and use \protect\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}\MessageBreak
      if compiling with pdfLaTeX}}%
  \expandafter\addto\csname extras\CurrentOption\endcsname{%
    \babel@save\og
    \babel@save\fg
    \DeclareRobustCommand\og{%
      \babellatin@guillemetleft
      \PackageWarning{babel-latin}{%
        The \protect\og\space command is obsolete.\MessageBreak
        Please replace it by "<}}%
    \DeclareRobustCommand\fg{%
      \babellatin@guillemetright
      \PackageWarning{babel-latin}{%
        The \protect\fg\space command is obsolete.\MessageBreak
        Please replace it by ">}}%
  }%
}%
\ifx\CurrentOption\babellatin@ecclesiastic
  \babellatin@ecclesiastic@outdated@commands
\fi
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The macro |\ldf@finish| takes care of looking for a configuration file,
%    setting the main language to be switched on at |\begin{document}| and
%    resetting the category code of \texttt{@} to its original value.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\ldf@finish\CurrentOption
%    \end{macrocode}
% \iffalse
%</latin>
% \fi
%    \babel{} expects \file{ldf} files for \lang{classicallatin},
%    \lang{medievallatin} and \lang{ecclesiasticallatin}. These files
%    themselves only load \file{latin.ldf}, which does the real work:
%    \begin{macrocode}
%<classic>\ProvidesLanguage{classiclatin}
%<classical>\ProvidesLanguage{classicallatin}
%<ecclesiastic>\ProvidesLanguage{ecclesiasticlatin}
%<ecclesiastical>\ProvidesLanguage{ecclesiasticallatin}
%<medieval>\ProvidesLanguage{medievallatin}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \iffalse
%<*classic|classical|ecclesiastic|ecclesiastical|medieval>
% \fi
%    \begin{macrocode}
\input latin.ldf\relax
%    \end{macrocode}
% \iffalse
%</classic|classical|ecclesiastic|ecclesiastical|medieval>
% \fi
%    We issue a warning if the outdated languages \lang{classiclatin} and
%    \lang{ecclesiasticlatin} are called:
%    \begin{macrocode}
%<classic>\babellatin@outdated@language{classiclatin}{classicallatin}%
%<ecclesiastic>\babellatin@outdated@language{ecclesiasticlatin}{ecclesiasticallatin}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    \subsection{The Lua module\label{luamodule}}
%    In case \LuaTeX{} is used for compilation, the spacing of punctuation for
%    ecclesiastical Latin requires some Lua code, which is stored in
%    \file{ecclesiasticallatin.lua}. The original version of this code has been
%    written for the \package{polyglossia} package by É. Roux and others.
%
% \iffalse
%<*lua>
% \fi
%    The Lua module identifies itself using the command provided by
%    \package{ltluatex}.
%    \begin{macrocode}
luatexbase.provides_module({
    name        = "ecclesiasticallatin",
    date        = "2025-04-29",
    version     = "4.1",
    description = "babel-latin punctuation spacing for ecclesiastical Latin"
})
local add_to_callback     = luatexbase.add_to_callback
local in_callback         = luatexbase.in_callback
local new_attribute       = luatexbase.new_attribute
local node                = node
local insert_node_before  = node.insert_before
local insert_node_after   = node.insert_after
local remove_node         = node.remove
local has_attribute       = node.has_attribute
local node_copy           = node.copy
local new_node            = node.new
local end_of_math         = node.end_of_math
local get_next            = node.getnext
local get_prev            = node.getprev
local get_property        = node.getproperty
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Node types according to |node.types()|:
%    \begin{macrocode}
local glue_code    = node.id"glue"
local glyph_code   = node.id"glyph"
local penalty_code = node.id"penalty"
local kern_code    = node.id"kern"
local math_code    = node.id"math"
%    \end{macrocode}
%    We need some node subtypes:
%    \begin{macrocode}
local userkern = 1
local removable_skip = {
    [0]  = true, -- userskip
    [13] = true, -- spaceskip
    [14] = true  -- xspaceskip
}
%    \end{macrocode}
%    We make a new node, so that we can copy it later on:
%    \begin{macrocode}
local kern_node   = new_node(kern_code)
kern_node.subtype = userkern
local function get_kern_node(dim)
    local n = node_copy(kern_node)
    n.kern = dim
    return n
end
%    \end{macrocode}
%    All possible space characters according to section 6.2 of the Unicode
%    Standard (\url{https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode12.0.0/ch06.pdf}):
%    \begin{macrocode}
local space_chars = {
    [0x20] = true,   -- space
    [0xA0] = true,   -- no-break space
    [0x1680] = true, -- ogham space mark
    [0x2000] = true, -- en quad
    [0x2001] = true, -- em quad
    [0x2002] = true, -- en space
    [0x2003] = true, -- em space
    [0x2004] = true, -- three-per-em-space
    [0x2005] = true, -- four-per-em space
    [0x2006] = true, -- six-per-em space
    [0x2007] = true, -- figure space
    [0x2008] = true, -- punctuation space
    [0x2009] = true, -- thin space
    [0x200A] = true, -- hair space
    [0x202F] = true, -- narrow no-break space
    [0x205F] = true, -- medium mathematical space
    [0x3000] = true  -- ideographic space
}
%    \end{macrocode}
%    All left bracket characters, referenced by their Unicode slot:
%    \begin{macrocode}
local left_bracket_chars = {
    [0x28] = true,  -- left parenthesis
    [0x5B] = true,  -- left square bracket
    [0x7B] = true,  -- left curly bracket
    [0x27E8] = true -- mathematical left angle bracket
}
%    \end{macrocode}
%    All right bracket characters, referenced by their Unicode slot:
%    \begin{macrocode}
local right_bracket_chars = {
    [0x29] = true,  -- right parenthesis
    [0x5D] = true,  -- right square bracket
    [0x7D] = true,  -- right curly bracket
    [0x27E9] = true -- mathematical right angle bracket
}
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Question and exclamation marks, referenced by their Unicode slot:
%    \begin{macrocode}
local question_exclamation_chars = {
    [0x21] = true,   -- exclamation mark !
    [0x3F] = true,   -- question mark ?
    [0x203C] = true, -- double exclamation mark ‼
    [0x203D] = true, -- interrobang ‽
    [0x2047] = true, -- double question mark ⁇
    [0x2048] = true, -- question exclamation mark ⁈
    [0x2049] = true  -- exclamation question mark ⁉
}
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Test for a horizontal space node to be removed:
%    \begin{macrocode}
local function somespace(n)
    if n then
        local id, subtype = n.id, n.subtype
        if id == glue_code then
%    \end{macrocode}
%    It is dangerous to remove all type of glue.
%    \begin{macrocode}
            return removable_skip[subtype]
        elseif id == kern_code then
%    \end{macrocode}
%    We only remove user's kern.
%    \begin{macrocode}
            return subtype == userkern
        elseif id == glyph_code then
            return space_chars[n.char]
        end
    end
end
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Test for a left bracket:
%    \begin{macrocode}
local function someleftbracket(n)
    if n then
        local id = n.id
        if id == glyph_code then
            return left_bracket_chars[n.char]
        end
    end
end
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Test for a right bracket:
%    \begin{macrocode}
local function somerightbracket(n)
    if n then
        local id = n.id
        if id == glyph_code then
            return right_bracket_chars[n.char]
        end
    end
end
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Test for two question or exclamation marks:
%    \begin{macrocode}
local function question_exclamation_sequence(n1, n2)
    if n1 and n2 then
        local id1 = n1.id
        local id2 = n2.id
        if id1 == glyph_code and id2 == glyph_code then
            return question_exclamation_chars[n1.char] and question_exclamation_chars[n2.char]
        end
    end
end
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Test for a penalty node:
%    \begin{macrocode}
local function somepenalty(n, value)
    if n then
        local id = n.id
        if id == penalty_code then
            if value then
                return n.penalty == value
            else
                return true
            end
        end
    end
end
%    \end{macrocode}
%    \LuaTeX{} attribute determining whether to space punctuation or not:
%    \begin{macrocode}
local punct_attr = new_attribute("ecclesiasticallatin_punct")
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Tables containing the left and right space amount (in units of a quad) of
%    every character:
%    \begin{macrocode}
local left_space  = {}
local right_space = {}
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Insertion of the necessary spaces to the node list:
%    \begin{macrocode}
local function process(head)
    local current = head
    while current do
        local id = current.id
        if id == glyph_code then
            if has_attribute(current, punct_attr) then
%    \end{macrocode}
%    We try to obtain the character of the current node from its property
%    table, which is the most reliable way as the same character may be
%    rendered by different glyphs with different code numbers.
%    \begin{macrocode}
                local char = get_property(current) and get_property(current).glyph_info
%    \end{macrocode}
%    If the |glyph_info| property is not available, we use the node's |char|
%    field to obtain the character, which is however only possible for numbers
%    up to 10FFFF\textsubscript{16}.
%    \begin{macrocode}
                if not char and current.char <= 0x10FFFF then
                    char = utf8.char(current.char)
                end
                local leftspace, rightspace
                if char then
                    leftspace  = left_space[char]
                    rightspace = right_space[char]
                end
                if leftspace or rightspace then
                    local fontparameters = fonts.hashes.parameters[current.font]
                    local spacing_node
                    if leftspace and fontparameters then
                        local prev = get_prev(current)
                        local space_exception = false
                        if prev then
%    \end{macrocode}
%    We do not add space after left (opening) brackets and between question/exclamation marks:
%    \begin{macrocode}
                            space_exception = someleftbracket(prev)
                                              or question_exclamation_sequence(prev, current)
                            while somespace(prev) do
                                head = remove_node(head, prev)
                                prev = get_prev(current)
                            end
                            if somepenalty(prev, 10000) then
                                head = remove_node(head, prev)
                            end
                        end
                        spacing_node = get_kern_node(leftspace * fontparameters.quad)
                        if not space_exception then
                            head = insert_node_before(head, current, spacing_node)
                        end
                    end
                    if rightspace and fontparameters then
                        local next = get_next(current)
                        local space_exception = false
                        if next then
%    \end{macrocode}
%    We do not add space before right (closing) brackets:
%    \begin{macrocode}
                            space_exception = somerightbracket(next)
                            local nextnext = get_next(next)
                            if somepenalty(next, 10000) and somespace(nextnext) then
                                head, next = remove_node(head, next)
                            end
                            while somespace(next) do
                                head, next = remove_node(head, next)
                            end
                        end
                        spacing_node = get_kern_node(rightspace * fontparameters.quad)
                        if not space_exception then
                            head, current = insert_node_after(head, current, spacing_node)
                        end
                    end
                end
            end
        elseif id == math_code then
            current = end_of_math(current)
        end
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The following line does not cause an error even if |current| is |nil|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
        current = get_next(current)
    end
    return head
end
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Now we define the actual amount of space for the relevant punctuation
%    characters. For ecclesiastical Latin (and sometimes for Italian) a very
%    small space is used for the punctuation. The ecclesiastic package, a
%    predecessor of the current \babellatin{}, used a space of
%    0.3|\fontdimen2|, where |\fontdimen2| is an interword space, which is
%    typically between 1/4 and 1/3 of a quad. We choose a half of a
%    |\thinspace| here, i.\,e., 1/12 of a quad.
%    \begin{macrocode}
local hairspace = 0.08333 -- 1/12
local function space_left(char)
    left_space[char] = hairspace
end
local function space_right(char, kern)
    right_space[char] = hairspace
end
space_left('!')
space_left('?')
space_left('‼')
space_left('⁇')
space_left('⁈')
space_left('⁉')
space_left('‽') -- U+203D (interrobang)
space_left(':')
space_left(';')
space_left('»')
space_left('›')
space_right('«')
space_right('‹')
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The following functions activate and deactivate the punctuation spacing.
%    \begin{macrocode}
local function activate()
    tex.setattribute(punct_attr, 1)
    for _, callback_name in ipairs{ "pre_linebreak_filter", "hpack_filter" } do
        if not in_callback(callback_name, "ecclesiasticallatin-punct.process") then
            add_to_callback(callback_name, process, "ecclesiasticallatin-punct.process")
        end
    end
end
local function deactivate()
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Though it would make compilation slightly faster, it is not possible to
%    safely remove the process from the callback here. Imagine the following
%    case: you start a paragraph by some spaced punctuation text, then, in the
%    same paragraph, you change the language to something else, and thus call
%    this function. This means that, at the end of the paragraph, the function
%    won't be in the callback, so the beginning of the paragraph won't be
%    processed by it. So we just unset the attribute.
%    \begin{macrocode}
    tex.setattribute(punct_attr, -0x7FFFFFFF) -- this value means "unset"
end
%    \end{macrocode}
%    For external access to the activation and deactivation of the punctuation
%    spacing, we define a table |ecclesiasticallatin| containing two functions.
%    We return this table.
%    \begin{macrocode}
ecclesiasticallatin = ecclesiasticallatin or {}
ecclesiasticallatin.activate_spacing   = activate
ecclesiasticallatin.deactivate_spacing = deactivate
return ecclesiasticallatin
%    \end{macrocode}
% \iffalse
%</lua>
% \fi
% \PrintChanges
% \Finale
\endinput